Two new stability design methods are demonstrated and validated: the Overall Strength Reduction Method (OSRM) and the Overall Imperfection Method (OIM). Both methods are based on the linear buckling analysis (LBA) of global structural models and use the standard reduction curves. The OSRM is formulated in the classic way using generalized slenderness and reduction factors while the OIM uses equivalent amplitude for the buckling mode based geometrical imperfection. These new design methods cover all types of buckling modes, which can be calculated by LBA of structural models composed of tapered members with arbitrary support conditions and subjected to any complex loading. This paper clarifies the mechanical interpretation and proper calculation of all the components of the two methods in case of tapered members with arbitrary support conditions. The validation is performed on GMNIA results for several different buckling situations of tapered members proving the accuracy of the OSDM.

This article examines the increasingly relevant and doctrinally complex question of whether photorealistic human faces can serve as valid and protectable trademarks under European Union law. Drawing on updated empirical data, evolving EUIPO case law, and critical third-party interventions— including the amicus curiae brief submitted by INTA in the Smit case—the study interrogates the normative and institutional limits of trademark distinctiveness when applied to facial images. The research applies to doctrinal legal methodology supported by empirical observations and comparative references, with a focus on European legal sources and procedural developments. It evaluates the registrability, scope of protection, and practical enforceability of facial image trademarks in light of established principles of trademark law, including the requirement of distinctiveness, genuine use, and the limitations arising from personality rights and public interest. Particular emphasis is placed on the conceptual distinction between personal identity and commercial origin, the merger of service and sign in the context of modeling services, and the doctrinal thresholds for enhanced protection based on reputation. The findings indicate that while facial trademarks are gradually gaining acceptance, their registration raises unresolved theoretical and practical challenges that requires careful legal scrutiny and, potentially, legislative clarification to ensure coherence with the foundational objectives of trademark protection.

Well-being is a critical element of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals. Given the complexity of the concept of well-being, it follows that its measurement requires complex, multivariate methods that can characterize the physical, economic, social and environmental aspects along with the mental state of a city. Although it is not sufficient to carry out settlement-level analyses to make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. It is necessary to understand patterns within settlements. This work aims to present how the urban macrostructure of urban well-being indicators can be estimated based on GIS-based multilayer analysis. Open-source data, e.g. road networks, points of interest, green spaces and vegetation, are used to estimate urban well-being parameters such as noise levels, air quality and health-related impacts supplemented by climate models to assess urban resilience and sustainability. The proposed methodology integrates 24 models into six categories, namely walkability, environment, health, society, climate change and safety, which are weighted based on a multilevel Principal Component Analysis to minimize information loss for aggregated composite indicators. The study revealed two main components of the macrostructure related to well-being in the studied city: one related to the geometrical features and the other can be derived from the structure of the natural environment. In Veszprém a natural restoration of the detached house area, industrial area and downtown is recommended including developments with green and blue infrastructural elements and nature-based solutions.

Chemical process simulation has become one of the most important tools for the analysis of process networks. The simulation software currently available are not capable of automatically generating the process structure, the designer must provide it as an input for the simulation. This limits the contribution of simulation to the latter stages of design after the structure has been clearly defined. Since the P-graph methodology was originally conceived to generate process structures systematically, it can be used to produce the topology of the problem automatically based on rigorous combinatorial axioms and algorithms. In this work, the properties of two P-graph algorithms are exploited to automatically generate alternative structures in a commercial simulator, conferring the latter an improved capacity to assist during the early stage of design. Initially, the maximal structure generation (MSG) algorithm is employed to identify a rigorous superstructure from the initial set of plausible operating units. The solution structure generation (SSG) algorithm is then used to enumerate all combinatorially feasible processes included in the superstructure. Each process structure is individually exported to Aspen Plus®, where rigorous models are used to simulate its performance. A set of alternative processes ranked by their economic performance can be generated. This integrated methodology is employed in a case study for producing methyl lactate from methanol and lactic acid. This work demonstrates that integration of P-graph with rigorous simulation constitutes an enhanced tool for process synthesis that automates the generation of process alternatives, providing useful information and additional insight of the synthesis problem.

Background: Since its inception in 1974, the Essential Programme on Immunization (EPI) has achieved remarkable success, averting the deaths of an estimated 154 million children worldwide through routine childhood vaccination. However, more recent decades have seen persistent coverage inequities and stagnating progress, which have been further amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2019, WHO set ambitious goals for improving vaccine coverage globally through the Immunization Agenda 2030 (IA2030). Now halfway through the decade, understanding past and recent coverage trends can help inform and reorient strategies for approaching these aims in the next 5 years. Methods: Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2023, this study provides updated global, regional, and national estimates of routine childhood vaccine coverage from 1980 to 2023 for 204 countries and territories for 11 vaccine-dose combinations recommended by WHO for all children globally. Employing advanced modelling techniques, this analysis accounts for data biases and heterogeneity and integrates new methodologies to model vaccine scale-up and COVID-19 pandemic-related disruptions. To contextualise historic coverage trends and gains still needed to achieve the IA2030 coverage targets, we supplement these results with several secondary analyses: (1) we assess the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on vaccine coverage; (2) we forecast coverage of select life-course vaccines up to 2030; and (3) we analyse progress needed to reduce the number of zero-dose children by half between 2023 and 2030. Findings: Overall, global coverage for the original EPI vaccines against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (first dose [DTP1] and third dose [DTP3]), measles (MCV1), polio (Pol3), and tuberculosis (BCG) nearly doubled from 1980 to 2023. However, this long-term trend masks recent challenges. Coverage gains slowed between 2010 and 2019 in many countries and territories, including declines in 21 of 36 high-income countries and territories for at least one of these vaccine doses (excluding BCG, which has been removed from routine immunisation schedules in some countries and territories). The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated these challenges, with global rates for these vaccines declining sharply since 2020, and still not returning to pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels as of 2023. Coverage for newer vaccines developed and introduced in more recent years, such as immunisations against pneumococcal disease (PCV3) and rotavirus (complete series; RotaC) and a second dose of the measles vaccine (MCV2), saw continued increases globally during the COVID-19 pandemic due to ongoing introductions and scale-ups, but at slower rates than expected in the absence of the pandemic. Forecasts to 2030 for DTP3, PCV3, and MCV2 suggest that only DTP3 would reach the IA2030 target of 90% global coverage, and only under an optimistic scenario. The number of zero-dose children, proxied as children younger than 1 year who do not receive DTP1, decreased by 74·9% (95% uncertainty interval 72·1–77·3) globally between 1980 and 2019, with most of those declines reached during the 1980s and the 2000s. After 2019, counts of zero-dose children rose to a COVID 19-era peak of 18·6 million (17·6–20·0) in 2021. Most zero-dose children remain concentrated in conflict-affected regions and those with various constraints on resources available to put towards vaccination services, particularly sub-Saharan Africa. As of 2023, more than 50% of the 15·7 million (14·6–17·0) global zero-dose children resided in just eight countries (Nigeria, India, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Indonesia, and Brazil), emphasising persistent inequities. Interpretation: Our estimates of current vaccine coverage and forecasts to 2030 suggest that achieving IA2030 targets, such as halving zero-dose children compared with 2019 levels and reaching 90% global coverage for life-course vaccines DTP3, PCV3, and MCV2, will require accelerated progress. Substantial increases in coverage are necessary in many countries and territories, with those in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia facing the greatest challenges. Recent declines will need to be reversed to restore previous coverage levels in Latin America and the Caribbean, especially for DTP1, DTP3, and Pol3. These findings underscore the crucial need for targeted, equitable immunisation strategies. Strengthening primary health-care systems, addressing vaccine misinformation and hesitancy, and adapting to local contexts are essential to advancing coverage. COVID-19 pandemic recovery efforts, such as WHO's Big Catch-Up, as well as efforts to bolster routine services must prioritise reaching marginalised populations and target subnational geographies to regain lost ground and achieve global immunisation goals. Funding: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance.

simple and smart text-enlarger application for MS windows operational systems.

Healthcare delivery depends not only on technical expertise but also on the willingness of clinicians to speak up and to support one another in demanding environments. Drawing on Self-Determination Theory, this study explores how prosocial voice fosters helping behavior through the energizing role of work passion, and how ethical leadership shapes this process. Using a three-wave, multi-source design, we obtained 306 matched employee–leader dyads from public hospitals. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that prosocial voice enhanced work passion, which in turn predicted helping behavior. Mediation analysis confirmed the indirect effect, while moderation results revealed that ethical leadership amplified the passion–helping relationship, producing a significant conditional indirect effect. These findings extend theoretical work by positioning passion as a motivational mechanism that explains how voice translates into prosocial outcomes, and by showing that ethical leadership provides the contextual support necessary for this process. These results provide practical guidance for strengthening supportive climates and leadership practices that enable clinicians' discretionary contributions.

Magnesium is one of the most important nutrient elements. Soils are tested for magnesium in many countries with several extractants. Each country has its own validated methods, best-suited for its soils. The current study was designed to compare different magnesium content measuring methods with 80 Hungarian samples. The magnesium content was determined by the potassium chloride (1 M KCl 1:10), Mehlich 3 and CoHex (cobalt hexamine trichloride) methods. The maximum, mean and median values resulting from all the Mg determination methods showed the following order of measured magnitude: KCl < CoHex < M3.

Solo dining has gained substantial recognition in the restaurant business worldwide. Considering the growing trend of solo dining, it has attracted increasing interest from academia and industry. Since the current stage of knowledge on solo dining practices and their management is limited and scattered, it requires integration to provide scholars with an outline of the current state of knowledge in this field, as well as the industry expert insights. To address this issue, the current study applies a mixed-method approach to first gather insights from the existing literature by conducting a systematic literature review (SLR). Subsequently, in order to substantiate SLR findings, a qualitative study is designed to garner industry expert views on solo dining experience, enhancing restaurant practices and strategies. The SLR has revealed three distinct thematic areas, such as solo dining antecedents, solo diner's experience while dining, and the solo diner's outcome behaviour. Based on these insights, it was necessary to identify the practical takeaways for the restaurants in the hospitality industry; therefore, a qualitative study was designed following the mixed-method approach of research design. The empirical results present solo dining strategies implemented by restaurant owners and staff. The Gioia technique of qualitative analysis of data brought forward four solo dining aggregate dimensions presenting the solo diner's profile, adaptive comfort, human touch, and restaurant strategies. This study makes a novel contribution to the solo dining literature by identifying psychophysiological aspects of solo dining and offering managerial insights for restaurant industry professionals.